The Fundamental Formula of Gambling: Theory of Probability, Mathematics, Chance, Degree of Certainty ~
Quintessential Gambling Mathematics and Probability

Let's try to make sense of those numbers. The easiest to understand are the numbers in the column under the heading p=1/2. It analyzes the coin tossing game of chance. There are 2 events in the game: heads and tails. Thus, the individual probability for either event is p = 1/2. Look at the row 50%: it has the number 1 in it. It means that it takes 1 event (coin toss, that is) in order to have a 50-50 chance (or degree of certainty of 50%) that either heads or tails will come out. More explicitly, suppose I bet on heads. My chance is 50% that heads will appear in the 1st coin toss. The chance or degree of certainty increases to 99.9%that heads will come out within 10 tosses!

Even this easiest of the games of chance can lead to sizable losses. Suppose I bet $2 before the first toss. There is a 50% chance that I will lose. Next, I bet $4 in order to recuperate my previous loss and gain $2. Next, I bet $8 to recuperate my previous loss and gain $2. I might have to go all the way to the 9th toss to have a 99.9% chance that, finally, heads came out! Since I bet $2 and doubling up to the 9th toss, two to the power of 9 is 512. Therefore, I needed $512 to make sure that I am very, very close to certainty (99.9%) that heads will show up and I win . . . $2!

Very encouraging, isn't it? Actually, it could be even worse: It might take 10 or 11 tosses until heads appear! This dangerous form of betting is called a Martingale system. You must know how to do it — study this book thoroughly and grasp the new essential concepts: Number of trials N and especially the Degree of Certainty DC (in addition to the probability p). Most people still confuse probability for degree of certainty...or vice versa. Probability in itself is an abstract, lifeless concept. Probability comes to life as soon as we conduct at least one trial. The probability and degree of certainty are equal for one and only one trial (just the first one...ever!) After that quasi-impossible event (for coin tossing has never been stopped after one flip by any authority), the degree of certainty, DC, rises with the increase in the number of trials, N, while the probability, p, always stays constant. No one can add faces to the coin or subtract faces from the die, for sure and undeniably. But each and every one of us can increase the chance of getting heads (or tails) by tossing the coin again and again (repeat of the trial).

Normally, though, you will see that heads (or tails) will appear at least once every 3 or 4 tosses (the DC is 90% to 95%). Nevertheless, this game is too easy for any player with a few thousand dollars to spare. Accordingly, no casino in the world would implement such a game. Any casino would be a guaranteed loser in a matter of months! They need what is known as "house edge" or "percentage advantage". This factor translates to longer losing streaks for the player, in addition to more wins for the house! Also, the casinos set limits on maximum bets: the players are not allowed to double up indefinitely.

A few more words on the house edge. The worst type of gambling for the player is conducted by state lotteries. In the digit lotteries, the state commissions enjoy typically an extraordinary 50% house edge!!! That's almost 10 times worse than the American roulette -- considered by many a suckers' game! (But they don't know there is more to the picture than meets the eye!)
In order to be as fair as the roulette, the state lotteries would have to pay $950 for a $1 bet in the 3-digit game. In reality, they now pay only $500 for a $1 winning bet!!! Remember, the odds are 1,000 to 1 in the 3-digit game... If private organizations, such as the casinos, would conduct such forms of gambling, they would surely be outlawed on the grounds of extortion! In any event, the state lotteries defy all anti-trust laws: they do not allow the slightest form of competition! Nevertheless, the state lotteries may conduct their business because their hefty profits serve worthy social purposes (helping the seniors, the schools, etc.). Therefore, lotteries are a form of taxation - the governments must tell the truth to their constituents...

3. The Fundamental Formula of Gambling: Games Other Than Coin Tossing
Dice rolling is a more difficult game and it is illustrated in the column p=1/6. I bet, for example, on the 3-point face. There is a 50% chance (DC) that the 3-point face will show up within the first 3 rolls. It will take, however, 37 rolls to have a 99.9% certainty that the 3-point face will show up at least once. If I bet the same way as in the previous case, my betting capital should be equal to 2 to the power of 37! It's already astronomical and we are still in easy-gambling territory!

Let's go all the way to the last column: p=1/1,000. The column illustrates the well-known3-digit lottery game. It is extremely popular and supposedly easy to win. Unfortunately, most players know little, if anything, about its mathematics. Let's say I pick the number 2-1-4 and play it every drawing. I only have a 10% chance (DC) that my pick will come out winner within the next 105 drawings! The degree of certainty DC is 50% that my number will hit within 692 drawings! Which also means that my pick will not come out before I play it for 692 drawings. So, I would spend $692 and maybe I win $500! If the state lotteries want to treat their customers (players like you and me) more fairly , they should pay $690 or $700 for a $1 winning ticket. That's where the 50-50 chance line falls. In numerous cases it's even worse. I could play my daily-3 number for 4,602 drawings and, finally, win. Yes, it is almost certain that my number will come out within 4,602 or within 6,904 drawings! Real life case: Pennsylvania State Lottery has conducted over 6,400 drawings in the pick3 game. The number 2,1,4 has not come out yet!...

All lottery cases and data do confirm the theory of probability and the formula of bankruptcy... I mean of gambling! By the way, it is almost certain (99.5% to 99.9%) that the number2-1-4 will come out within the next 400-500 drawings in Pennsylvania lottery. But nothing is 100% certain, not even... 99.99%!

We don't need to analyze the lotto games. The results are, indeed, catastrophic. If you are curious, simply multiply the numbers in the last column by 10,000 to get a general idea. To have a 99.9% degree of certainty that your lotto (pick-6) ticket (with 6 numbers) will come out a winner, you would have to play it for over 69 million consecutive drawings! At a pace of 100 drawings a year, it would take over 690,000 years!

4. Ion Saliu's Paradox or Problem of N Trials
We can express the probability as p = 1/N; e.g. the probability of getting one point face when rolling a die is '1 in 6' or p = 1/6; the probability of getting one roulette number is '1 in 38' or p = 1/38. It is common sense that if we repeat the event N times we expect one success. That might be true for an extraordinarily large number of trials. If we repeat the event N times, we are NOT guaranteed to win. If we play roulette 38 consecutive spins, the chance to win is significantly less than 1!

A step in the Fundamental Formula of Gambling leads to this relation:

The limit 1 — 1/e is approximately .632120558828558...

I tested for N = 100,000,000 … N = 500,000,000 … N = 1,000,000,000 (one billion) trials. The results ever so slightly decrease, approaching the limit … but never surpass the limit!

When N = 100,000,000, then DC = .632120560667764...
When N = 1,000,000,000, then DC = .63212055901829...

(Calculations performed by SuperFormula.exe, option C = Degree of Certainty (DC), then option 1 = Degree of Certainty (DC), then option 2 = The program calculates p.)

If the probability is 1/N and we repeat the event N times, the degree of certainty is {1 — (1/e)}, when N tends to infinity. I named this relation Ion Saliu Paradox of N trials.

Read more on my Web pages: "Theory of Probability: Best introduction, formulae, algorithms, software" and "The Mathematical Foundation of The Fundamental Formula of Gambling".

5. The Practical Dimension of The Fundamental Formula of Gambling
There is more info on this topic on the next page. It reveals the dark side of the Moon, so to speak. The governments hide the truth when it comes to telling it all; and the Internet is incredibly prone to fraudulent gambling. Read revealing facts: Lottery, Lotto, Gambling: Math, Odds, House Edge, Fraud, Integrity.

• The Fundamental Formula of Gambling does not explicitly or implicitly serve as a gambling system. It represents pure mathematics. Users who apply the numerical relations herein to their own gambling systems do so at their risk entirely. I, the author, do apply the formula to my gambling and lottery systems. I will show you how to use the gambling formula, my application MDIEditor and Lotto and the lotto systems that come with the application. I will put everything in a winning lotto strategy that targets the third prize in lotto games ('4 out of 6'). •• At later times, I also released gambling systems, strategies for: Roulette, blackjack, baccarat, horse racing, sports betting. Is it all? Probably you'll find some more around here Click here to go to the lottery system page

RnD (Doctor in Randomness)

Read Ion Saliu's first book in print: Probability Theory, Live!
~ Discover profound philosophical implications of the Fundamental Formula of Gambling (FFG), including mathematics, probability, formula, gambling, lottery, software, degree of certainty, randomness.

Resources in Theory of Probability, Mathematics, Statistics, Combinatorics, Software.
See a comprehensive directory of the pages and materials on the subject of theory of probability, mathematics, statistics, combinatorics, plus software.

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Comments:
: : Fundamental Formula of Gambling: Probabilities of Win, Loss, Degree of Certainty. The Theory of Probability Leading to the Fundamental Formula of Gambling. I will simplify the mathematical discourse to its essentials. You may want to know the detailed procedure leading to this fundamental numerical relation. Read: Mathematics of the Fundamental Formula of Gambling. I discovered the very important concept of degree of certainty (I symbolize it by DC). Let's suppose I play the 3-digit lottery game (pick 3). The game has a total of 1,000 combinations. Thus, any particular pick-3 combination has a probability of 1 in 1,000 (we write it 1/1,000). I also mention that all combinations have an equal probability of appearance. Also important - and contrary to common belief: the past draws do count in any game of chance and Pascal demonstrated that hundreds of years ago. Most people don't comprehend the concept of all-encompassing randomness because phenomena vary in the particular probability, p, and specific degree of certainty, DC, directly influenced by the number of trials, N. How many drawings do I have to play so that there is a 99.9% degree of certainty my combination of 1/1,000 probability will come out? My question dealt with three parameters: - degree of certainty that an event will appear, symbolized by DC - probability of the event, symbolized by p - number of trials (events), symbolized by N. I was able to answer such a question and quantify it in a mathematical expression (logarithmic) I named the Fundamental Formula of Gambling (FFG): The Fundamental Formula of Gambling (FFG) is an historic discovery in theory of probability, theory of games, and gambling mathematics. The formula offers an incredibly real and practical correlation with gambling phenomena. As a matter of fact, FFG is applicable to any sort of highly randomized events: lottery, roulette, blackjack, horse racing, sports betting, even stock trading. By contrast, what they call theory of games is a form of vague mathematics. We can create this great device: The Fundamental Table of Gambling or FTG. Substituting DC and p with various values, the formula leads to the following, very meaningful and useful table. You may want to keep it handy and consult it especially when you want to bet big (as in a casino). The relation between: Number of Trials N Necessary for an Event of Probability, p to Appear with the Degree of Certainty, DC. It analyzes the coin tossing game of chance. There are 2 events in the game: heads and tails. Thus, the individual probability for either event is p = 1/2. Look at the row 50%: it has the number 1 in it. It means that it takes 1 event (coin toss, that is) in order to have a 50-50 chance (or degree of certainty of 50%) that either heads or tails will come out. More explicitly, suppose I bet on heads. My chance is 50% that heads will appear in the 1st coin toss. The chance or degree of certainty increases to 99.9%that heads will come out within 10 tosses! Many people have an intuition of the Degree of Certainty or DC: Chance or Success. Even this easiest of the games of chance can lead to sizable losses. Suppose I bet $2 before the first toss. There is a 50% chance that I will lose. Next, I bet $4 in order to recuperate my previous loss and gain $2. It might take 10 or 11 tosses until heads appear! This dangerous form of betting is called a Martingale system. You must know how to do it — study this book thoroughly and grasp the new essential concepts: Number of trials N and especially the Degree of Certainty DC (in addition to the probability p). Most people still confuse probability for degree of certainty...or vice versa. Probability in itself is an abstract, lifeless concept. Probability comes to life as soon as we conduct at least one trial. The probability and degree of certainty are equal for one and only one trial (just the first one...ever!) After that quasi-impossible event (for coin tossing has never been stopped after one flip by any authority), the degree of certainty, DC, rises with the increase in the number of trials, N, while the probability, p, always stays constant. Each and every one of us can increase the chance of getting heads (or tails) by tossing the coin again and again (repeat of the trial). The fundamental formula of gambling applies also to games other than coin tossing. Dice rolling is a more difficult game and it is illustrated in the column p=1/6. I bet, for example, on the 3-point face. There is a 50% chance (DC) that the 3-point face will show up within the first 3 rolls. It will take, however, 37 rolls to have a 99.9% certainty that the 3-point face will show up at least once. If I bet the same way as in the previous case, my betting capital should be equal to 2 to the power of 37! It's already astronomical and we are still in easy gambling territory! To have a 99.9% degree of certainty that your lotto (pick-6) ticket (with 6 numbers) will come out a winner, you would have to play it for over 69 million consecutive drawings (number of trials). A step in the Fundamental Formula of Gambling leads to this mathematical relation: If the probability is 1 / N and we repeat the event N times, the degree of certainty is {1 - (1/e)}, when N tends to infinity. I named this relation Ion Saliu's Paradox or Problem of N trials. Read more on my web pages: "Theory of Probability: Best introduction, formulae, algorithms, software" and "The Mathematical Foundation of The Fundamental Formula of Gambling". There is a Practical Dimension of the Fundamental Formula of Gambling. The Fundamental Formula of Gambling does not explicitly or implicitly serve as a gambling system. It represents pure mathematics. Users who apply the numerical relations herein to their own gambling systems do so at their risk entirely. I do apply the formula to my gambling and lottery systems, though. The title of this book is "Fundamental Formula of Gambling: Degree of Certainty, Probability Theory, Mathematics, Chance". The Fundamental Formula of Gambling (FFG) is an historic discovery in theory of probability, theory of games, gambling mathematics. Three fundamental concepts are keys to the mathematical discovery: Probability, p, Degree of Certainty, DC, and Number of Trials, N. The thorough analysis is centered on degree of certainty, formula, mathematics, formulae, formulas, probability. Exemplifying by gambling games, such as coin toss, dice rolling, lottery, roulette, casino gambling. Learn the truth about certainty, degree, absolute, logarithm, theory of probability, chance, game theory.

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